Backyard Composting

Are you interested in recycling waste and creating something that can be used in your landscape and garden? Look no further than composting! Composting is an easy and effective way to recycle in your own yard. Not only can you reduce the volume of waste that goes to the landfill, but you can also create a beneficial soil amendment for your landscape. Most households have all the elements they need to create a successful compost pile without purchasing additional equipment. Kitchen scraps, along with yard waste, make a perfect mix for your compost pile.

Composting happens when brown materials (carbon) and green materials (nitrogen) are added together to be broken down by microbial activity (as well as by other decomposers such as worms and insects). Your compost pile should be in an area that is easy to access, can be reached by a hose (or rain barrel), and can accommodate the size of bin or bins you plan to use. Ideally it is best that the pile be no less than three feet by three feet in size.

There are many methods of composting, so there is sure to be one that will meet your needs. Whether you have a small yard, an apartment, or live in a deed-restricted community, there is a method for you. Understanding a few simple principles of how composting works will ensure your success in creating compost for your garden.

A successful compost pile depends on five basic elements to turn waste into a usable product. Even so, if you simply leave yard waste in a pile, it will still decompose naturally over time so don’t stress! Here are the five elements that work together to turn your waste into garden gold!

1. MOISTURE: Add water to your compost pile using a hose or bucket. Water from a nearby rain barrel works well. The goal is to keep your compost “as moist as a wrung-out sponge,” so be careful not to add too much moisture to your compost pile. To help manage the moisture level of your compost pile, you may find it easier to lightly add water to materials prior to adding them to the pile.

2. AERATION & OXYGEN: Aeration occurs when you turn and mix your compost pile. The more you mix and aerate, the more quickly the waste will break down into usable compost. Mix each time you add to your pile.

3. TEMPERATURE: The temperature of your pile is important if you are using a “fast” composting method. It’s not as important if you are not concerned about getting compost quickly. Make sure that your pile heats up to over 140 degrees F if you add any weeds or diseased plant material, as those high temperatures can kill weed seeds and plant pathogens.

4. ARTICLE SIZE: It is ideal to cut all items to less than two inches so that the material can break down quickly. Cut up thick, tough leaves and fruits. Break up large sticks. You may find that you must toss some large materials back into the compost pile when you are ready to harvest, and that is okay!

5. CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO: The carbon to nitrogen ratio often seems like the most confusing part to get right, but if you know you are adding a brown (high carbon) material like dried leaves, branches, or paper) add green (high nitrogen) material like grass clippings, fruit waste or coffee grounds) as well. You want to shoot for a 30/1 ratio of carbon to nitrogen (brown to green) materials in your pile. Too much brown material may take longer to break down. Too much green material may produce an odor or not warm up.

The method of composting you choose may be based on space, what type of waste you have (or don’t have), and the need for finished compost. Choose from cold composting, sheet composting, trench composting, fast composting, or vermicomposting.

Cold composting can be as simple as layering brown and green materials to your pile, mixing, and adding water as needed. Use this method if you don’t need the compost quickly and don’t add any diseased plants or weeds. This method requires very little effort, and you can add waste and mix as needed.

Sheet composting is simply taking your pruning waste, leaves, grass, or other material and using it as mulch in your landscape beds. As these elements break down, they add valuable organic matter to your soil. If you use fallen leaves as mulch, you are already sheet composting!

Trench composting is an easy method if you have a lot of kitchen scraps but not much else. Simply dig a trench or hole and bury the scraps, making sure the scraps are adequately covered with 4-6 inches of soil. This can be done at the base of plants or in mulched landscape beds.

Fast (or hot) composting requires a bit more effort than other methods. With fast composting the pile temperature can grow to over 100 degrees and then rapidly cool down. As the pile cools, it will shrink in size and then more compostable materials can be added. This is the only method of composting where you can add weeds and diseased plant material. To help the pile heat up you must make sure it is adequately moist and aerated by mixing it frequently. An optimum mix of brown and green material is also essential.

Finally, vermicomposting is the method where your kitchen scraps are composted by worms. There are many worm bins available for the homeowner to purchase but you can also make your own. The worms work to mix your compost and break it down very quickly. No yard waste is composted using this method. This can be done indoors or on a porch or patio. Not much space is needed for vermicomposting.

Composting benefits both the environment and the landscape. Adding compost to your landscape can increase water-holding capacity, availability of nutrients, and support living organisms in the soil.

For more information on composting, contact UF/IFAS Extension Polk County at 863-519-1041 or visit us online at sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/polk. The Plant Clinic is open Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. to answer your gardening and landscaping questions. If you are interested in purchasing a garden journal, contact the Plant Clinic. If you are not in Polk County, Contact your local UF/IFAS Extension Master Gardener Volunteer Plant Clinic..

To learn more about gardening and landscaping in central Florida, listen to the Your Central Florida Yard podcast. You can find the podcast wherever you listen or find out more on our Substack: @yourcentralfloridayard.

An Equal Opportunity Institution. Anne Yasalonis is the Residential Horticulture Extension Agent and Master Gardener Volunteer Program Coordinator for UF/IFAS Extension Polk County. Please contact her at: anneanne@ufl.edu